Amazon’s ambitions will push delivery drones’ battery lives to the limit and maybe beyond
Last week, Amazon announced a partnership with the UK Government to explore how to enable the delivery of parcels by small drones. Crucially, the UK has agreed to let Amazon test “beyond line of sight operations” in rural and suburban areas (a mode of operation that isn’t yet allowed in the US), as well as sensor performance to make sure the drones can identify and avoid obstacles, and flights where one person operates multiple highly-automated drones.
The ultimate aim is for Amazon to cut delivery costs and speed up delivery times by giving drones as much as autonomy as possible. Amazon is seeking to win regulatory approval for its Prime Air delivery system, which is designed to safely get packages up to five pounds to customers in 30 minutes or less using small drones.
But regulation is not the only obstacle. Although the enabling connectivity technologies for such drones exist today, they will eat into the limited battery power that is available for actually flying the drone. Unless battery technology makes some major leaps forward, delivery drones may be limited to journeys of just a few miles, implying Amazon will need a vast network of drone delivery stations.
The UK Government sees the Amazon trial as an opportunity to help it identify the operating rules and safety regulations needed to help move the drone industry forward. But Amazon has already proposed that drones operating beyond line of sight will need to be equipped with some advanced and demanding technologies: geospatial data for safe separation from known hazards; online flight planning and management; a reliable internet connection, collaborative vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) sense-and-avoid (SAA) systems, and non-collaborative sensor-based sense-and-avoid systems. These capabilities are further detailed in the “Best class” shown in the table below, drawn up by Amazon.
To meet its own requirements, Amazon will need to address the following five key connectivity challenges without asking too much of drone’s batteries:
- Maintaining an internet connection: Although they won’t be controlled directly by a human operator, the delivery drones will need to able to receive air traffic control information and instructions in real time. For example, the airspace regulator may want to instruct all drones to stay out of a specific geographic area because a helicopter is coming into land. Unless regulators set aside dedicated spectrum, drones will probably have to use a combination of Wi-Fi networks and cellular networks to maintain this internet connection. This will make them vulnerable to network congestion, as well as eating into battery power. The deployment of new low power, wide area (LPWA) networks will certainly help, but a key question for the UK trial is how long a drone can safely be without an internet connection. Amazon envisions that the drones would also use the Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS–B) system to periodically broadcast the drone’s location, enabling it to be tracked.
- Managing intermittent GPS connections: Delivery drones will use GPS signals to establish their exact location, but these signals depend on a line of sight between the GPS satellites and the drone. Tall buildings, extreme weather and landscape features, such as canyons, can interfere with these signals and GPS consumes a lot of battery power, as players of Pokemon Go will attest. A key question is how often drones will need to check their location via GPS.
- Drone-to-drone communication: In time, the air could be buzzing with a wide range of commercial and leisure drones, delivering parcels, taking photographs, monitoring property and, eventually, even carrying human passengers. These drones will need to be able to automatically avoid each other using vehicle-to-vehicle systems. Such systems will rely on very frequent exchanges of information (multiple times per second) between vehicles using short-range wireless technologies, which will also consume considerable battery power.
- Obstacle avoidance: Drones will also need to be able to avoid obstacles, such as trees and birds, that aren’t transmitting wireless signals. This is why Amazon sees the need for “non-collaborative sensor-based sense-and-avoid systems”. Again, such sensors will need to be as frugal as possible with battery life.
- Establishing standardized protocols: To limit the number of technologies a drone will need to support and enable manufacturers to achieve economies of scale, the drone industry needs to agree and adopt standardized protocols for the systems outlined above. At a conference in the US last year, Gur Kimchi, vice president of Amazon Prime Air, highlighted the urgent need for standards. “Imagine the internet without HTTP and TCP/IP,” Kimchi said, according to the Washington Post. “That’s basically where we are now. So we’re putting our foot down, and we’d like everybody to feel an urgent need to come together and create these standards and adapt them.” In practice, Amazon’s push to develop its own delivery drones suggests it is seeking to establish de facto standards in the hope that the rest of the industry will then adopt them.
Although all of the challenges outlined above are individually surmountable, the aggregate impact on drone’s battery life isn’t yet clear. For this reason, the results of the Amazon’s UK trials will be worth watching closely: How Amazon goes about minimising the power consumption of its drones could provide some important insights and lessons for the broader internet of things.
Still, it seems likely that the stringent safety requirements recognized by Amazon itself will put severe limits on delivery drones’ commercial viability. For the rest of this decade at least, Amazon and its rivals will probably need to rely on human controllers far more than they would like. And the trials now kicking off in the UK may run and run.
